Trauma and Grief in Australian Journalism Essay Example for Free

Trauma and Grief in Australian Journalism Essay Since November 22, 1800, when George Howe arrived in Australia and started production on Australias first newspaper, the Sydney Gazette, much has changed in the nation’s journalism industry (Morris, 2002). The rapid boost of information technology and advances in the Australia’s educational system brought forth a radical and innovative breed of young journalists, all too eager to partake in serving the community by divulging the truth. In present-day Australia, journalism takes course in virtually all aspects of daily living.   It thrives on reporting breaking events such as asbestos poisoning and backyard abortions, to bush fires in South Australia (Morris, 2002). The death and injury toll for journalists sent out to cover armed conflicts has never been higher (Feinstein, 2003) yet many media practitioners flock to the ‘biggest story going’ without wavering. Whether from the front line, embedded with invading forces, or entrenched down in a nuclear fallout shelter, journalists all say they have a sense of duty to their public, to tell the ‘real’ story, often without thinking about the toll getting that story can, does and will take on them personally (Feinstein, 2003). Reporters, especially those assigned in conflicts and disasters are as vulnerable to, and experience stress and trauma similar to that felt by traumatic event professionals, such as firefighters and combat soldiers (Hight, 1999). Foreign reporters often work alone in the field, with limited consular and often no physical support (Feinstein, 2003). The results can be tragic when stress rises to debilitating levels and goes untreated.   Journalists may abuse drugs or alcohol and struggle in their marriages and personal relationships. They may endure, often silently, such recurring problems as lack of sleep, hyper-arousal or emotional numbness (Place, 1992). Media men were always among the first to arrive in accidents and crime scenes, often ahead of the ambulance and lawmakers. They will be greeted with fresh casualties and survivors moaning in intolerable agony. Much more than this, they could witness those left behind, still shocked and stunned, whose agony seems insurmountable than those enduring physical pain. This causes the journalist, especially those who with more sensitive emotions, to feel the victims pain and loss as if it were their own (Hight, 1999). Journalists tend to conjure up isolation and guilt feelings and become anxious, thinking they too could experience such fate in the future.   From this stems loss of sleep and increased feelings of stress. Journalists usually encounter the wall of grief first at the beginning of their careers. With little or no training, they are assigned the police beat. They learn and gain experience by covering one tragedy. Victims coverage becomes a repetitive part of journalists careers that builds into more than just memories. (Hight, 1999). Distress from trauma builds up in a person after they experience an stressful event outside the range of normal every-day human experience, such as a serious threat to his/her life, physical integrity; or serious threat/harm to children, spouse, relatives or friends; more often for journalists, seeing another person seriously injured or killed in an accident or by physical violence (Feinstein, 2003).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The more traumatic experiences a person has the greater and longer lasting their feelings of stress, and anxiety and risk of stress educed mental health disorders (Hight, 1999). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder, or mental illness develops after exposure to a traumatic event or ordeal in which grave physical or mental harm occurred or was threatened (Creamer, Burgess, McFarlane, 2001).   Traumatic events that may trigger PTSD include but are not limited to violent assaults, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, vehicle accidents, rape, physical abuse and military combat, all of which are witnessed and/or reported on by journalists regularly (Creamer, Burgess, McFarlane, 2001).    PTSD sufferers have trouble functioning in their jobs and personal relationships and sufferer’s children can also be affected by their condition, reporting difficulty in school, becoming isolated and withdrawn from peers and developing phobias (Creamer, Burgess, McFarlane, 2001). PTSD affects people with varying degrees of severity, depending on the nature and number of traumatic experiences they have encountered and is diagnosed when symptoms last more than one month (Allen, 2003). Untreated, PTSD is unlikely to disappear (Allen, 2003). In Australia, university students taking up journalism courses are often told that PTSD exists and that they will have to cope up with grief/trauma but are seldom given practical coping skills as part of their degree/studies, with the exception of some top-ranking universities, such as the JSchool in Brisbane, Central Queensland University and University of the Sunshine Coast (Graduate Careers Australia, 2006). The present state of journalism education in Australia is disjointed. Institutions offering this discipline offer an impulsive mixture of practical training and professional concepts, from the realistic ones to the abstractions of mixed disciplines, such as art and theoretical sciences (Duckett, 2004). Large scale tertiary education began in the 1970s with the development of colleges of advanced education, such as the RMIT Advanced College, which sought to develop vocational streams of study. These colleges ultimately became universities, continuing their involvement in journalism education (Duckett, 2004). However, for a journalism student to be easily adaptable to the trauma he/she may experience in the field, university life should prepare him for the real challenge of the industry. Although many courses were established with industry approval and with some degree of industry control or input, the self-accrediting nature of Australian universities has seen a distancing of modern tertiary institutions from the news media industry (Henningham, 2003). This makes University journalism more of theoretical course, where students sit in a large lecture for two hours, and then afterwards, having a 30-minute tutorial where they’re one of 50 students. Reporters often work alone in the field, witnessing death, violence and enduring psychological and physical stresses without the support and security of home.   Unfortunately most Australian university degrees do not provide student journalists with adequate preparation and training for this unavoidable aspect of their jobs (Henningham, 2003). What we see is that many journalism degrees are very theoretical; they do have much academic rigor and critical thought which probably belongs in a degree. But the mistake is to think that will produce a work-ready journalist, because the two things are completely different. One is work training, I suppose, and the other is academic study. Theyre two completely different things. And I think the universities may have lost their way a little in their direction. Are they trying to offer trade courses or degrees? The two things are very different (Duckett, 2004). There is no guarantee that Australian journalists are really prepared and trained to cope with their role as witnesses to trauma and disseminator of information, analysis and opinion about it Journalism is a challenging and interesting career offering variety and diversity in work tasks and roles. In addition to a broad general comprehension and a thorough knowledge of current affairs, successful journalists should also have personal qualities such as determination and emotional resilience, and the ability to cope up with trauma, while preserving the necessary emotions in his/her stories, for most these skills do not come naturally and must be taught and developed (Harrison, 1999). Many journalists work long and irregular hours, with evening and late night work common. An assignment cannot be dropped just because a shift has finished; a journalist must see it through to the end. Often they are called back to work to cover an unexpected development, and they are frequently required to work when other people are not-at night, on weekends, on public holidays etc. The unusual work hours can make social life difficult. Besides the open-ended work hours, there are also pressures to meet tight deadlines and to ensure the facts presented are accurate. Despite scientific knowledge of trauma and PTSD for over twenty years, only in the past several years have major news organizations begun to establish programs to address work related trauma, grief and stress (Creamer, Burgess, McFarlane, 2001).   Progress has been made in the face of skepticism and resistance among many journalists and editors. Still, there are too few scientific studies of trauma and journalists, too few trauma services for journalists, and reluctant and slowly growing recognition of the effects grief and trauma has on journalists by news outlets (Creamer, Burgess, McFarlane, 2001). In many instances, journalists are unprepared for its impact, and they have limited knowledge and skills to cope with work related trauma. Journalism is far behind other professions, such as educational counselling and fire and police departments, in recognizing trauma as a serious issue that must be addressed. The myth still exists that journalists shouldn’t need trauma programs because journalists are supposed to be â€Å"tough as nails† (Place, 1992). When it comes to trauma, journalism sometimes appears to be one of the last â€Å"macho† professions (Place, 1992). Media companies profit on the talents of their journalists, so they should invest on maintaining their proper mental health and well-being. News companies can quite inexpensively develop effective trauma awareness and preparation programs and should acknowledge trauma as reality and a concern; not as an affliction of the weak or a career â€Å"stopper†.   News conglomerates must also regard trauma services as an essential part of staff well-being, similar to other programs such as workplace health and safety. Information, practical training, confidential counselling and de-briefing services should be made available to journalists by employers free of charge whenever they feel the need to access them.   Developing a policy on reporting crises, such as rotating reporters and peer de-briefing, could also prove helpful and is another strategy media outlets could easily implement with little economic or resource strain (Castle, 1999).   Media outlets must make trauma training part of their ongoing training for all their journalists to ensure they stay in the profession and do not burn out or develop damaging conditions such as PTSD. Peer support programs are not new to people who work in the front line emergency services. Police, ambulance, and other similar professionals who are first to arrive at scenes have received education and training to developed techniques for dealing with trauma and grief they inevitably encounter during their work (Castle, 1999). In the past people were told to make debriefing appointments with psychological professionals, however recent research has shown that peer de-briefing is much more effective, because it takes place in a much less formal, sterile way and has less stigma attached to it (Castle, 1999). Newsrooms are renowned for bravado, with journalist often saying â€Å"Im okay, Im tough, Im not affected†.   Those trained to recognize stress, and PTSD know one of the first signs of being affected is denial, and would see this as the first sign of a need for intervention. Peer support models from emergency services could be adapted and applied to Australian newsrooms to the benefit and success of Australian journalists as they have been to emergency workers (Place, 1992). This would see not only the journalists and camera people, trained to cope with grief and trauma but editors and telephone staff as well.   This way every member of the team can be of assistance in recognizing, and auctioning early interventions where necessary.   Training all members of the news room also means there will always be peer available to help and de-brief whenever the need arises. The first psychological study of war journalists, A Hazardous Profession: War, Journalists, and Psychopathology, was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, September 2002. The study used self-report questionnaires and interviews to gather data from two groups: 140 war journalists and 107 journalists who had never covered war. The study concluded that war journalists have significantly more psychiatric difficulties than journalists who do not report on war. The study also found: Higher rates of alcohol use (14 units of alcohol per week; 7.6 for non-war reporters) †¢ Intrusive thoughts, replay of memories and hyper-arousal were common †¢ Low awareness of trauma †¢ Social difficulties, such as re-adjusting to civil society, reluctance to mix with friends, troubled relationships, and embarrassing startled responses The researchers recommended that these results should alert news organizations that significant psychological distress does occur in many war journalists and has devastating and significant impacts if untreated, as is sadly, often the case. Despite the fact many journalists, particularly war journalists suffer PTSD with similar severity as war veterans, the Australian government does not provide them with treatment programs similar to those established by the Department of Veterans’ Affairs (DFA) for   War veterans (DVA, www.dva.gov.au). DFA entitlements such as private psychiatric and allied health services, intensive treatment programs for PTSD and a range of individual and group services should be extended to media practitioners directly involved in covering armed conflicts and other disasters (DVA, www.dva.gov.au). Further, all journalists should be provided with free access to professional psychological helping services as part of their employment packages. When examining grief and trauma in journalism, focus should not be confined to the newsrooms and behind cameras. Journalism isn’t always about the journalists, it’s also about stories they write, and the people behind these stories. Unconsciously, a reporter’s intrusion into an event may be untimely, and the respondent may offer several and unexpected reactions. There are ethical issues that a journalist may wish to consider when reporting on traumatic events.   Adhering to the MEAA code of ethics (MEAA, www.alliance.org.au) and maintaining professionalism under pressure will ensure journalists are comfortable with their own actions when reflected upon and will help them deal with personal feelings of guilt, responsibility and doubt. Before interviewing a person who has witnessed trauma, or a victim of violence, it is important to think about whether it is strictly necessary to interview the person immediately.   They may be in shock, disoriented, or frightened.   They may feel either guilty or elated that they have survived if others have not. This means that they may not be thinking clearly when they are asked for an interview, and that undergoing the process may bring up some unexpected feelings, emotions and behaviors offensive or threatening to the journalist, grief and trauma training would prepare journalists for these potential situations and impart practical skills for dealing with such (Place, 1992). As an ethical and professional journalist, check what interviewees would like to achieve by speaking publicly about traumatic experiences. Practicing and student journalists alike need to move away from traditional ‘macho’ thinking regarding trauma and grief, it’s place in their work and the potential affects it can have on their lives.   They need to understand that stress, anxiety and PTSD are real and that no matter how burning their desire to disseminate the truth or the story, they are not superhuman and that it is normal and ok to seek/receive help.   Journalists, as professionals need to be trained and alert to the symptoms and physical and psychological dangers grief and trauma of their work brings into their lives. Ten years ago a lot of veteran war correspondents and editors laughed at the idea that reporters should go for safety training; should go put on flak jackets and practice being shot at and stuff like that, however it has since been proven that such training is not only beneficial, it is lifesaving (Place, 1992). Psychiatry is a healing art, applied to individuals who suffer. There is no common path to healing after enduring human cruelty. But most individuals who do recover enough hope and worth to enjoy existence find meaning in their lives -and meaning in life itself. They escape that literal, factual and shattering treatment of personal reality. Most find the creation of life-enhancing myth a preferable alternative to existential despair. Many employ denial, delusion, and dissociation along the way. Therapists often help victims avoid intolerable memory (Ochberg, 1999). Journalism is not a healing art, but rather our best effort at undistorted perception of reality. It is neither psychiatry nor myth-making. It is the telling of those traumatic events, making a channel for the exit of those emotions, and arranging these stories into tangible aids for the future (Ochberg, 1999). Paradoxically, an energizing element of trauma,   is that can offer   transformative healing for individuals, such as the case with peer debriefing, as it can also offer for society at large (Place, 1992). As the medias role has expanded, its responsibility to media practitioners has expanded.   As academics and business leaders continue to understand and recognize the powerful influence of the mind, the medias responsibility to incorporate new knowledge regarding mental health and journalist wellbeing also expands. This is an invitation to put trauma, its impact, and the ability to be healed and transformed through it on the global agenda and to bring its awareness to the ones who are more frequently subjected to it, whether due to his/her course of living (such as the media men, etc.) or due to some unavoidable circumstances of nature. The media mirrors society and society mirrors the media. This interrelationship takes on a more pointed meaning when related to trauma. Media members, trauma researchers, and clinicians are invited to engage in dialogue on the expanding field of trauma knowledge. The media are the eyes, ears, and voice of our collective body. We must trust them; support them to cope so they can continue their roles as disseminators of truth, information, corporate/government watchdogs, and of course, the fourth estate. References    A Hazardous Profession: War, Journalists, and Psychopathology, American Journal of Psychiatry, September 2002 Anthony Feinstein 2003, Dangerous Lives: War and the Men and Women Who Report It, October 1, 2003 Australian Broadcasting Tribunal 1990, Violence on television, Sydney: ABT Creamer M, Burgess P, McFarlane AC 2001. Post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 1237-1247. Di Powell 1990, â€Å"Media Intrusion into Grief†, Media Information Australia, No.57, August, pp.24–29 Frank Morris 2002, â€Å"The birth of the book in Terra Australis†, April 26, 2002 Frank M. Ochberg, MD 1999, â€Å"Three Acts of Trauma News â€Å", Sacred Bearings Journal, April, 1999 Joe Hight 1999, Journalists who cover victims risk hitting The Wall , Daily Oklahoman , (Spring 1999) John Henningham 2003, Journalism sold short in media courses, The Australian (Media section), 23 October 2003 Lucinda Duckett 2004, Journalism Education: Cultures of Journalism/Lifelong Learning series, Radio National, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 26 June 2004 MEEA Code of Ethics, http://www.alliance.org.au/tech-support.html Nic Place 1992, â€Å"Journalists and trauma: The need for counselling†, Australian Studies in Journalism, Vol.1, pp.113–158 Phillip Castle 1999, â€Å"Journalism and trauma: Proposals for change†, AsiaPacific MediaEducator, Issue No. 7, July-December Shirley Harrison 1999, Disasters and the Media: Managing Crisis Communications, Macmillan, London .

Exiles :: essays papers

Exiles Exiles Response In the essay "Exiles," Carolyn Steedman uses different voices throughout the story. Steedman uses her mom, dad, and grandma's voice to speak her essay to the reader. She does this by either using someone else's memories of the instant by referring to what their mom did, told by the father or grandmother. She also uses memories or voices that her mom or dad said. An example of this would be the telling of Steedman mom's story, which was told by her father at the time "in bits and pieces throughout the fifties". Her father says about Steedman's mother, "Your mother drank gin once," contradicting what Steedman heard when she was young from her mom that "she didn't go out dancing or drinking." Showing that this secret was revealed "years later, with nostalgic regret by her father". Knowing that her mom, at the time, she remembers, was a good mother and later in life to be lied to and deceived for her own good. The author uses voices in the essay while remembering what her mom and dad we re saying to her about memories of each other. So in other words, the author remembers what her parents said to her about each other and includes their voices in the essay. She also includes what she remembers exactly from her parents. "If it wasn't for you two, my mother told us, I could be off somewhere else". The quote obviously shows that this is what she remembers her mom saying. The author puts voices in the essay by using memories of her past. Steedman uses voices in her essay so that the reader can get a background and see perceptions or feelings. "She was a good weaver; six looms under her by the time she was sixteen". This paragraph of a story was told about her great-grandmother and as an eleven-year-old and how she was exploited. The author uses this as a voice because it tells how her mother also used her hands at her jobs. The author also shows where she received her traits in house cleaning from her mom. The author feels that "I sometimes find myself thinking that if worst comes to the worst, I can always earn a living with my hands". "If you want something, you have to go out and work for it. Nobody gives you anything; nothing comes free in this world".

Scope and Limitation of Enrollment System

IntroductionThe discovery of the computer was the great function of modernity for different application to make work easier, more capable, and more adaptable for the humanity. Nowadays computer serves as an important role in our society, most especially in school premises. Most school uses computer to help their students deal in our modern technology. Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas (CLB) for having students that has grown up to about a thousand students now, delivers a quality and excellent education to the people residing in the municipality of Batangas and also to the neighboring town. But as the population of the students continue to grow, this school face difficulties in handling their enrolment in a manual process. And one of the solutions in this problem is to make their manual enrolment into a computerize system.Today, the technology leads in everything that we see around us. The discovery of the computer was the great function of modernity for different to make work easier, m ore capable, and more adaptable for the user. It has brought a new level of knowledge that becomes the new standard in the school. We propose Enrollment System for the school name â€Å"Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas† which was the school that is privately own and privately manage but then, the enrollment system on the said school is still in manual. Computerize Enrolment system is the must have system in a school. It is a convenient way of storing and retrieving information of a student that provides more easy way in enrolling. Although it cares details of students, courses, year, and section.The database is design for use by registrar and other authorize user in the college office to enable them to easily produce information require by the different people in the college. Student information system has always been a difficult task, but it is more so today than ever before, where administrators uses the traditional way of filing records on a cabinet. As the population of the students goes up, it is become more complex. Data should be store in safer places, and can be retrieve easily and fast when someone needs it.Administrator’s task has become more complex, there have been efforts to improve the effectiveness of problem solving and central to this are quantitative techniques and  electronic devices such as computers. It has many advantages to those who use it. Similar to our Information and Communication Technology (ICT) students, we utilize it on the project we have to do. Examples are creating a system that can help companies that you give it. Be less because, the tasks that previously had to do manually hand yet.By doing this, you just have a button that instantly appear the result of things that you do. The developers agree to make the â€Å"CLB Enrollment System† for our school. We want to help them to better facilitate their procedural enrollment of students who want to study in this school. Because we found that their enrollment system are manually use by copying the information from the Microsoft Excel to Microsoft Word.The registrar uses the Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word to produce a form for the enrollees’ student. And to help their self to process the enrollment well.The discovery of the computer was the great function of modernity for different to make work easier, more capable, and more adaptable for the humanity. It has brought a new level of knowledge that become the new standard in the industry. It made the school more efficient for students and provide path to communicate to entire earth. Nowadays, computer base system is commonly used by every company and institution and one of this is computerize enrollment system. Computerize Enrollment System is the must have system in a school.It is a convenient way of storing and retrieving information of a student that provides more easy way in enrolling. Basically the main concerns of this propose system is to speed up the enrollment process, starting from the student registration, student enrollment and assessment and down to payment of fees. Fast and easy transactions with a high rate of accuracy are also one of the major concerns of this system.Computerization is a control system that manages processes in industrial workplace. It reduces human errors and processing time, thus it can boost productivity and result into high quality of product produce. In Enrollment System, computerization is concern about interrelating different but interdependent transactions. This can result in a system with well-integrate processes that can perform much faster and more accurate than a manual  system.The discovery of the computer was the great function of modernity for different to make work easier, more capable, and more adaptable for the humanity. It has brought a new level of knowledge that becomes the new standard in the industry. Enrollment serves as a vital part in the life of every student upon entering schools either public or in private. It gives students the impression on how the whole institute manages and manipulates the entire body. Moreover, enrollment serves as the first experience of all students by which he/she takes part either individually or with company of a parent or some relatives.Enrollment is considered as the first step or procedure that must be done by old students within a particular institute before the school year totally starts, but for those freshmen, or first year students (new students), they are oblige to usually take an admission test. Good enrollment is always an asset in an institution, pertaining to fast payment, assessment procedures, and easy transactions with a high rate of accuracy. By using the existing system during enrolment, it is undeniably noticeable on some problems and difficulties arising from each respective procedure, hence leading to minor errors and inaccuracy Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical, the main purpose of system is to create an efficient, fast and reliable Computerize Enrollment and permanent Record Keeping System of Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas.A Database Management System consist of collection interrelate and set of function to access the data, Database Management System provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and manipulating large amount of data. With Database Management System software the user can compile huge list of data and manipulate, store and retrieve it without having touched single life cabinet of folder.Local Area Network (LAN) is a collection of interconnect computer that are separate by distance up to a few kilometers and typically used in office. Networking really helps establishment in a way of providing simultaneous progress. Conceptual ParadigmFigure 1 CLB Enrollment SystemStatement of the problemThe purpose of our system is to help the student and registrar to facilitate the enrollment of the neighborhood attended the Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas. To help a nother student in remote areas and cannot be studied.Specifically will seek to answer the following question:1.What is the existing enrollment system at the Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas?2.What problems are faces by the registrar regarding the existing system? 2.1Posting of Information 2.2Recording of the data in terms of:3. What system can be proposed to improve the enrollment system at the Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas? 4.What are the advantages of the propose Enrollment System for the Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas? Objective of the StudyThis study was done to accomplish the following objectives:1. To create, for easy and fast enrolling and activities.2. To make the automated and computerize enrollment system.Scope and LimitationThe study entitled â€Å"CLB Enrollment System† will help in the enrollment system of the Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas. This study shall be concern with the enroll student to be record in the registrar office through the use of the system. It h as the functionality of automate making enrollment form.It has an ability to save, record, and edit those data and important information about the students, teachers and school. The study covers the computerization of the activities, the enrollment system including student registration class list, principal’s report of total enrollment of students and receipt.This study is assign to the registrar staff and he/she will be the one who has the responsibility to take the enroll student.The weakness of their system may slow the process of enrollment so we will propose a system to help registrar to accelerate their enrollment procedures.Significance of the StudyThis study entitled â€Å"CLB Enrollment System† is important for various reasons. To the students and registrar, for easy and fast enrolling and activities; To the registrar staff, to make their job easier in the process of handling the student who wants to enroll in be a part of Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas. To th e Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas, to make the enrollment system automated and computerize.To the researchers, to get familiar and to gain knowledge about â€Å"CLB Enrollment System†.And to the future researchers, for them to have additional information in getting the enrollment form of the students in all department using the automated and to serve as a reference material in improving the existing system.Definition of termThe definition of terms here they know the meaning of each word _ unfamiliar to them, so they know how to use it and where it will be used, and what its usefulness to them.Enrollment system. Enrollment system is the way the enrollment takes place for education or anything else that needs enrollment done. There are different enrollment systems based on organization. There may be online enrollment, paper enrollment and in person enrollment.As we use in the study, enrollment system is the enrollment system is a system where you can see who is the student enrol led in a school Administrators. This is a person for the performance or management of  administrative business operations

Behavior Modification And Operant Conditioning - 869 Words

The effort to complete a successful change in behavior is known as behavior modification. The whole definition of the term as discovered by psychologist B.F Skinner forâ€Å" the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning(McLeod).† The name which went on to be distinguishable from the term classical conditioning which is commonly referenced to the study of Pavlov’s dog. Behavior modification/operant condition is drastically different from this in that the have several techniques both positive and negative to insure a positive change in condition. Does this always work? The experiment and the results are proof in case for each individual study . B.F Skinner first showed us operant conditioning through the use of animals (rats/pigeons) to show how the effects of positive/negative reinforces as techniques help the progression of a modification in behavior (also known as operant conditioning). Which do you suppose is more effective a positive reinforcement or a negative reinforcement in operant conditioning? B.F Skinner developed three different type of responses to signify the importance of his study ;â€Å"Neutral Operants, Reinforcers, and Punishers† (McLeod). They are defined as below: Netural Operants-responses from the environment that neither increase or decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated.(McLeod) Reinforcers- there are two types: positive and negative.Show MoreRelatedApplied Behavioral Analysis and Case Studies Bobby, Jackie, and Emma1712 Words   |  7 Pagesscience that aims to systematically apply intervention processes using the behavior learning theory in order to remove or change undesirable socially significant behaviors (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007). Applied behavioral analysis can be applied in many setting and situations and the intervention process and techniques depend on those settings and individual situati ons. Applied behavioral analysis is used to modify target behaviors that can occur in the home, in the community, in an educational settingRead MoreRespondent and Instrumental Conditioning as Related to Phobias and Addictions1004 Words   |  5 PagesRespondent and Instrumental Conditioning as related to Phobias and Addictions Many people who suffer from phobias also suffer from addictions. This is largely due in part to the reluctance to seek professional treatment for the phobia. People turn to other means to cope with their phobias which in turn leads to addictions. Dependence is such an issue with addiction that stopping is very difficult and causes severe physical and mental reactions. Therapist use a technique called extinction toRead MoreAll Behavior Caused By External Stimuli Operant Conditioning1193 Words   |  5 PagesAll behavior caused by external stimuli operant conditioning). All behavior can be explained without the need to consider internal mental states or consciousness. John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, are Classical conditioning Pavlov, Operant conditioning, Stimulus response that assumes a learner is essentially passive, responding to environmental stimuli. The learner starts off as a clean slate and behavior is shaped through positive reinforcement or negative reinforcem ent. Both positive reinforcementRead MoreFrederic Skinner s Influence On The Mind Of Reward And Punishment1067 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribed to have been a highly conscientious ,extroverted and somewhat neurotic man. (article 2). Skinner believed that our actions are shaped by our experience of reward and punishment (article 4) a term coined by Skinner himself as operant conditioning. Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania into a warm and stable environment (Article 1). Skinner had one younger brother who died of a cerebral aneurysm at the age of 16. His father was a lawyer and his mother wasRead MoreCompare and Constrast Classical and Operant Conditioning737 Words   |  3 Pagescontrast classical and operant conditioning, their theories, terminology, famous psychologists and applications of the theory for teaching. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one anotherRead MoreOperant Vs. Classical Conditioning1211 Words   |  5 PagesOperant and Classical Conditioning Tiara Gordon PS 210 Professor Rivera Introduction Operant and Classical conditioning reminds me of the famous controversy, nature vs nurture. It’s like having a pessimistic or optimistic view on learning techniques and how much of the environment or genes influence the two. These learned behaviors have been scrutinized by people alike, some have debated that everything we do from the time we wake up to the time we go to sleep is operant conditioningRead MoreBehaviral Tools926 Words   |  4 Pages There are approaches service workers may find helpful when working with various clients and working in different situations. To focus on creating healthy behaviors, this report on behavioral tools looks at effective methods of implementing change through the following: client centered approaches, grounding techniques, and operant conditioning through positive and negative reinforcements. The report will also assist human service workers identify some situations that the stated approaches may beRead MoreEssay on Psychology: The Stud y of the Mind and Behavior755 Words   |  4 Pagesthe study of mind and behavior. This discipline is characterized by several concepts and approaches that are used by psychologists in understanding human behavior. Since psychology is a broad field, psychologists not only use these concepts and approaches but also conduct scientific research that enables them to understand human behavior. Some of the most common psychological concepts that are used to modify or change an individual’s behavior include operant conditioning, positive and negativeRead MoreComparison Of Ivan Pavlov And John Watson978 Words   |  4 Pages In 1903 a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov first developed an experiential model of learning called Classical Conditioning (Lautenheiser 1999). An example if Classical Conditioning would be ringing a bell when it is time for your pet to eat. The pet hears the bell and over time is conditioned that when the bell rings its dinner time thus begins to salivate, and eventually learns to be conditioned to responding to the bell in a specific manner. The bases was that neutral stimulusRead MoreBehavior Modification Essay example839 Words   |  4 PagesBehavior Modification Behavior Modification, a psychological theory of human behavior. It evolved from the application of experimentally derived principles of learning to the modification of problem behaviors. The theory is based on a psychological model of human behavior that rejects the psychoanalytic or quasi-disease model of mental illness. Approaches to behavior modification assume that abnormal behavior is acquired and maintained in the same manner as normal behavior and can be changed